Youth Social Mobility in Colombia: Education and Labor Market Analysis

Anderberg, D. y Andersson, F. (2007). Stratification, Social Networks in the Labour Market, and Intergenerational Mobility. Economic Journal (Londres, Inglaterra), 117(520), 782–812. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2007.02050.x

Becker, G. (1964). Human capital: a theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to education. National Bureau of Economic Research.

Becker, R. (2014). Reversal of Gender Differences in Educational Attainment: An Historical Analysis of the West German Case. Educational Research; a Review for Teachers and All Concerned with Progress in Education, 56(2), 184–201. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00131881.2014.898914

Betthäuser, B. (2017). Fostering equality of opportunity? Compulsory schooling reform and social mobility in Germany. European Sociological Review, 33(5), 633-644. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcx066

Blaskó, Z. y Róbert, P. (2007). Graduates in the Labour Market: Does Socio-Economic Background Have an Impact? The Case of Hungary. Sociologicky Casopis, 43(6), 1149–73. Obtenido de http://www.jstor.org/stable/41132541

Blau, P. (1956). Social Mobility and Interpersonal Relations. American Sociological Review, 21(290). https://doi.org/10.2307/2089282

Blom, R., Melin, H. y Pyöriä, P. (2002). Social Contradictions in Informational Capitalism: The Case of Finnish Wage Earners and Their Labor Market Situation. The Information Society, 18(5), 333–43. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01972240290075183

Boros, J., Bogdán, P. y Durst, J. (2021). Accumulating Roma Cultural Capital: First-in-Family Graduates and the Role of Educational Talent Support Programs in Hungary in Mitigating the Price of Social Mobility. Szociológiai Szemle, 31(3), 74–102. doi: https://doi.org/10.51624/szocszemle.2021.3.4

Busemeyer, M. y Guillaud, E. (2023). Knowledge, Skills or Social Mobility? Citizens’ Perceptions of the Purpose of Education. Social Policy & Administration, 57(2), 122–43. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/spol.12897

Cardano, M., Costa, G. y Demaria, M. (2004). Social Mobility and Health in the Turin Longitudinal Study. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 58(8), 1563–74. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(03)00354-x

Cardoso, A. (2008). Transições da escola para o trabalho no Brasil: persistência da desigualdade e frustração de expectativas. Dados, 51(3), 569–616. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/s0011-52582008000300002

Carstensen, M. y Emmenegger, P. (2023). Education as Social Policy: New Tensions in Maturing Knowledge Economies. Social Policy & Administration, 57(2), 109–21. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/spol.12888

Chiang, L.-H., Jung-Chung, N. y Hsu, R. (2006). Taiwanese in Australia: Two Decades of Settlement Experiences. Geography Research Forum, (26), 32–60. Obtenido de https://grf.bgu.ac.il/index.php/GRF/article/view/306

Choi, C. (2021). Segmented Pathways of Educational Mobility: English Language Schools, Working Holidays, and Divergent Prospects among South Korea’s Global Youth. Global Networks (Oxford, England), 21(1), 40–63. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/glob.12

Cilliers, J. y Fourie, J. (2018). Occupational Mobility during South Africa’s Industrial Take‐Off. South African Journal of Economics, 86(1), 3–22. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/saje.12177

Crawford, C. y van der Erve, L. (2015). Does Higher Education Level the Playing Field? Socio-Economic Differences in Graduate Earnings. Education Sciences, 5(4), 380–412. Obtenido de http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1117201.pdf

Crawford, C., Gregg, P., Macmillan, L., Vignoles, A. y Wyness, G. (2016). Higher Education, Career Opportunities, and Intergenerational Inequality. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 32(4), 553–75. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/grw030

Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadistica (DANE). (2024). Gran Encuesta Integrada de Hogares (GEIH) [Conjunto de datos]. Bogotá D.C, Colombia. Recuperado de https://microdatos.dane.gov.co/index.php/catalog/782

Davies, P., Mangan, J., Hughes, A. y Slack, K. (2013). Labour Market Motivation and Undergraduates’ Choice of Degree Subject. British Educational Research Journal, 39(2), 361–82. Obtenido de http://www.jstor.org/stable/24463935

Didier, N. (2021). Does the Expansion of Higher Education Reduce Gender Gaps in the Labor Market? Evidence from a Natural Experiment. International Journal of Educational Development, (86) (102467): 102467. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2021.10246

Doan, T., Strazdins, L. y Leach, L. (2020). Cost of Poor Health to the Labour Market Returns to Education in Australia: Another Pathway for Socio-Economic Inequality. The European Journal of Health Economics: HEPAC: Health Economics in Prevent and Care, 21(4), 635 - 48. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-020-01163-2

Evans, S. (2009). In a Different Place: Working-Class Girls and Higher Education. Sociology 43(2), 340–55. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038508101169

Fényes, H. (2010). School Efficiency of Boys and Girls in a Borderland Region of Hungary. Review of Sociology, 6(1), 51–77.

Frank, D. (2008). A társadalmi státus problematikája az ókori társadalmi paradigmában. Társadalomkutatás, 26(4), 535–54. doi: https://doi.org/10.1556/tarskut.26.2008.4.7

Gerbaudo, D. (2025). Migraciones, género y trabajo juvenil: transiciones superpuestas en sectores populares de Argentina. Íconos - Revista de Ciencias Sociales, (81), 33–50. https://doi.org/10.17141/iconos.81.2025.6222

Glytsos, N. P. (1997). Greek Immigrants in Australia: Demographic Developments and Economic Integration. International Migration (Geneva, Switzerland), 35 (3), 421–50. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2435.00020

Gugushvili, A., Bukodi, E. y Goldthorpe, J. (2017). The Direct Effect of Social Origins on Social Mobility Chances: ‘Glass Floors’ and ‘Glass Ceilings’ in Britain. European Sociological Review, 33(2), 305–16. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcx043

Hall, P., y Sadouzai, T. (2010). The Value of ‘Experience’ and the Labour Market Entry of New Immigrants to Canada. Canadian Public Policy. Analyse de Politiques, 36(2), 181–98. Obtenido de http://www.jstor.org/stable/25702419

Hällsten, M. (2013). The Class‐origin Wage Gap: Heterogeneity in Education and Variations across Market Segments. The British Journal of Sociology, 64(4), 662–90. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-4446.12040

Harriss, J. (2024). The ‘Wall’: Reflections on Youth Aspiration, Education and Social Mobility in India. South Asian History and Culture, 1–14. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/19472498.2024.2338598

Hart, C. L., Smith, G. D. y Blane, D. (1998). Social Mobility and 21year Mortality in a Cohort of Scottish Men. Social Science & Medicine, 47(8): 1121–30. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(98)00061-6

Harvey, E. (1984). The Changing Relationship between University Education and Intergenerational Social Mobility. Revue Canadienne de Sociologie [Canadian Review of Sociology], 21(3), 275–86. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-618x.1984.tb00914.x

Hendrickx, J., De Graaf, N. Lammers, J. Ultee, W. (1993). Models for Status Inconsistency and Mobility: A Comparison of the Approaches by Hope and Sobel with the Mainstream Square Additive Model. Quality & Quantity, (27). 335-352. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01102497

Jones, H. (2022). Brazil’s Bolsa Família Programme: Aspirations and Realities of Poverty Reduction and Intergenerational Change. Development and Change, 53(3), 600–622. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12706

Kara, H. y Mullings, B. (2023). Navigating Wait Space in Uncertain Times: Young Women and Precarious Labour in Turkey. Antipode, 55(4), 1047–67. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12880

Kaur, R. (2022). Gendered Parenting and Returns from Children in Contemporary India: A Study of IIT Students and Their Parents. Current Sociology. La Sociologie Contemporaine, 70(4), 578–97. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392121990022

Keep, E. y Mayhew, K. (2004). The Economic and Distributional Implications of Current Policies on Higher Education. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 20(2), 298–314. Obtenido de http://www.jstor.org/stable/23606630

Khattab, N. (2009). Ethno-Religious Background as a Determinant of Educational and Occupational Attainment in Britain. Sociology, 43(2), 304–22. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038508101167

Langouët, G. (2002). French Schools Are Changing: But Post-School Transition Is Becoming More and More Difficult. Australian Journal of Education, 46(2), 121–37. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/000494410204600203

Li, Y. (2018). Integration Journey: The Social Mobility Trajectory of Ethnic Minority Groups in Britain. Social Inclusion, Cogitatio Press, 6(3), 270-281. doi: https://doi.org/10.17645/si.v6i3.1542

Li, Y. (2022). Perverse Fluidity? Differential Impacts of Family Resources on Educational and Occupational Attainment for Young Adults from White and Ethnic Minority Heritages in England. Social Sciences (Basel, Switzerland), 11(7), 291. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11070291

Listhaug, O., Ringdal, K. y Ingebrigtsen, O. (1982). Status Attainment in Urban and Rural Labour Markets. Acta Sociologica, 25(3), 269–82. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/000169938202500305

Liu, B.-C., Mulvey, T. y Hsieh, C.-T. (1986). Effects of Educational Expenditures on Regional Inequality in the Social Quality of Life. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 45(2), 131–44. Obtenido de http://www.jstor.org/stable/3486912

López, N. (2022). The structural origins of high school drop out among second generation Dominicans in New York City. The New Immigrants and American Schools. Routledge, 205-225.

Louw, M., Van Der Berg, S. y Yu, D. (2007). Convergence of a Kind: Educational Attainment and Intergenerational Social Mobility in South Africa. South African Journal of Economics, 75(3), 548–71. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1813-6982.2007.00137.x

Luci, A., Jütting, J.y Morrisson, C. (2012). Why Do so Many Women End up in ‘Bad Jobs’? A Cross-Country Assessment for Developing Countries. European Journal of Development Research, 24(4), 530–49. doi: https://doi.org/10.1057/ejdr.2011.54

Lyon, L. y Abell, T. (1979). Social Mobility among Young Black and White Men: A Longitudinal Study of Occupational Prestige and Income. Pacific Sociological Review, 22(2), 201–22. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/1388879

Lyu, L. y Chen, Y. (2019). Parental Migration and Young Migrants’ Wages in Urban China: An Exploratory Analysis. Urban Studies (Edinburgh, Scotland), 56(10), 1968–87. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098018787709

Mackin, R. y Walther, C. (2012). Race, Sport and Social Mobility: Horatio Alger in Short Pants? International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 47(6), 670–89. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690211429212

Magnani, E.y Zhu, R. (2015). Social mobility and inequality in urban China: understanding the role of intergenerational transmission of education. Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, 47(43), 4590-4606.

Maitra, S. y Maitra, S. (2021). Training to be entrepreneurial: Examining vocational education programmes for young women in Industrial Training Institutes (ITI) in Kolkata. En P. Eigenmann, P. Gonon & M. Weil. (Eds.). Opening and Extending Vocational Education. Series: Studies in vocational and continuing education. Editorial.

Maleva, T. y Burdyak, A. (2016). Middle Class: the Empirical Measurement of Intergenerational Social Mobility in Russia. Journal of the New Economic Association, New Economic Association, 32(4), 62-85. https://www.econorus.org/repec/journl/2016-32-62-85r.pdf

Maloutas, T. y Malouta, M. (2021). Education Inequalities and Political Behaviour of the Young in Greece in the 2010s1. Lingue Culture Mediazioni - Languages Cultures Mediation (LCM Journal), (8). doi: https://doi.org/10.7358/lcm-2021-001-mapa

Mejía, C. A. y Montoya, J. C. (2022). Análisis de la movilidad social en Colombia durante las últimas dos décadas. Universidad EAFIT.

Mejía-Guevara, I. y Rivero, M. E. (2024). Intergenerational Paid and Unpaid Labor Production and Consumption Inequality by Gender in Mexico. Journal of the Economics of Ageing 27 (100496): 100496. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeoa.2023.10

Merino, R. y Miranda, A. (2022). Youth as Transition: Theoretical and Methodological Contributions to the Youth Study Field in Latin America and Spain. En J. Benedicto, M. Urteaga, & D. Rocca. (Eds.), Young People in Complex and Unequal Societies: Doing Youth Studies in Spain and Latin America (pp. 177-203).

Mincer, J. (1974). Schooling, experience and earnings. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge.

Mussino, E. y Strozza, S. (2012). The Delayed School Progress of the Children of Immigrants in Lower-Secondary Education in Italy. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 38(1), 41–57. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2012.640014

Narciso, L. (2021). ‘Race’, Belonging and Emancipation: Trajectories and Views of the Daughters of Western Africa in Spain. Social Sciences (Basel, Switzerland) 10(4): 143. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10040143

Nuckols, J., Sirola, A., Ylilahti, M. y Wilska, T.-A. (2023). Life Course Challenges in Crises: Transition from Higher Education to Work during COVID-19 in Finland and Sweden. Journal of Education and Work, 36(7–8), 576–91. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/13639080.2023.2292155

Opletina, N. y Kunyaeva, M. (2023). Human Capital as the Basis for the Professional Expectations Formation of Technical University Students. 2023 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), 1–6.

Paterson, L. y Lannelli, C. (2006). Religion, Social Mobility and Education in Scotland. The British Journal of Sociology, 57(3), 353–77. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-4446.2006.00115.x

Peil, M. (1990). Intergenerational Mobility through Education: Nigeria, Sierra Leone and Zimbabwe. International Journal of Educational Development, 10(4), 311–25. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0738-0593(09)90008-6

Pérez, P. E. y Busso, M. (2022). Movilidad laboral juvenil en Argentina durante la pandemia: ¿Hacia una “generación del confinamiento”? De prácticas y discursos, 11(18). https://doi.org/10.30972/dpd.11186313

Pindyck, R. y Rubinfeld, D. (2009). Microeconomía (7ª edición), Prentice Hall. www.prenhall.com/pindyck

Power, C., Stansfeld, S. A., Matthews, S., Manor, O. y Hope, S. (2002). Childhood and Adulthood Risk Factors for Socio-Economic DifferentPsychological Distress: Evidence from the 1958 British Birth Cohort. Social Science & Medicine (1982) 55 (11), 1989–2004. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(01)00325-2

Raitano, M. (2015). Intergenerational Transmission of Inequalities in Southern European Countries in Comparative Perspective: Evidence from EU-SILC 2011. European Journal of Social Security 172), 292–314. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/138826271501700208

Ramos, V. (2021). Jóvenes mayas o de origen maya hacia la universidad: Desigualdades, agencia y movilidad social. Estudios de Cultura Maya, LVIII, 237-270. https://doi.org/10.19130/iifl.ecm.2021.58.23868

Rezai, S. (2017). Self-Made Lawyers? Pathways of Socially Mobile Descendants of Migrants from Turkey in Europe. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 40(2), 230–46. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2017.1245433

Ríos, J. F., Angarita, B., Vargas, L. C. y Azcárate, J. (2023). Factores de movilidad social en un sector rural de Colombia. Revista de Ciencias Sociales (Ve), XXIX(1), 169-185.

Rodrigo, L. M. y Oyarzo, M. (. (2020). Social Mobility in Chilean Youth and Their Parents: A Generational Analysis from the Perspective of Social Reproduction. Latin American Perspectives, 0094582X2093910–. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0094582X20939103

Salvia, A. y Vera, J. (2013). Heterogeneidad estructural, calidad de los empleos y niveles educativos de la fuerza de trabajo en la Argentina post reformas estructurales (2004-2007-2011). V Congreso AEDA 2013: Nuevas y viejas restricciones al desarrollo. Contribuciones de la Economía Política para superarlas. AEDA, Buenos Aires.

Sánchez-Domínguez, M. y Fahlén, S. (2018). Changing sector? Social mobility among female migrants in care and cleaning sector in Spain and Sweden. Migration Studies, 6(3), 367–399. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/migration/mnx052

Santelli, E. (2012). Young Adults of Maghrebi Origin from the French Banlieues: Social Mobility in Action? Journal of International Migration and Integration, (13). doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-011-0232-2

Schwager, R. (2012). Grade Inflation, Social Background, and Labour Market Matching. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 82(1), 56–66. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2011.12.012

Shah, B., Dwyer, C. y Modood, T. (2010). Explaining Educational Achievement and Career Aspirations among Young British Pakistanis: Mobilizing ‘Ethnic Capital’? Sociology, 44(6), 1109–27. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038510381606

Shiner, M. y Modood, T. (2002). Help or Hindrance? Higher Education and the Route to Ethnic Equality. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 232), 209–32. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01425690220137729

Shirahase, S. (2001). Women and Class Structure in Contemporary Japan. The British Journal of Sociology, 52(3), 391–408. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00071310120071115

Shnarbekova, M. (2021). The Role of Higher Education in Reproduction of Social Inequality in the Labor Market of Kazakhstan. Vysshee Obrazovanie v Rossii= Higher Education in Russia, 2011, (3), 114 - 127.

Shnarbekova, M. (2011). The Role of Higher Education in Reproduction of Social Inequality in the Labor Market of Kazakhstan. Journal: Vysshee Obrazovanie v Rossii= Higher Education in Russia, 2011, (3), 114 - 127.

Sobel, M. (1981). Diagonal mobility models: A substantively motivated class of designs for the analysis of mobility effects. American sociological review, 46(6), 893. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095086

Sorokin, P. (1959). Social and Cultural Mobility. The Free Press.

Souza, P., Costa, C. y Carvalhaes, F. (2010). Desigualdade de Oportunidades No Brasil: Considerações Sobre Classe, Educação e Raça. Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais, 25(73), 77–100. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-69092010000200005

Sweeting, H. y West, P. (1995). Family Life and Health in Adolescence: A Role for Culture in the Health Inequalities Debate. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 40(2), 163–75. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(94)e0051-s

Tasayco, D. R. . y Díaz, J. (2024). Situación socio-económica y movilidad social de los estudiantes y familias de la facultad de ciencias sociales de la UNFV post pandemia. Scientia, 25(25). Recuperado a partir de https://revistas.urp.edu.pe/index.php/Scientia/article/view/6303

Thissen, F., Droogleever, J., Strijker, D. y Haartsen, T. (2010). Migration Intentions of Rural Youth in the Westhoek, Flanders, Belgium and the Veenkoloniën, The Netherlands. Journal of Rural Studies, 26(4), 428–36. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2010.05.001

Toubøl, J. y Larsen, A. (2017). Mapping the Social Class Structure: From Occupational Mobility to Social Class Categories Using Network Analysis. Sociology, 51(6), 1257–76. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038517704819

Urbaeva, J. (2019). Opportunity, Social Mobility, and Women’s Views on Gender Roles in Central Asia. Social Work, 64,(3), 207–215. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/swz011

Valenzuela, J. y Yañez, N. (2022). Trayectorias y políticas de inclusión en educación superior en América Latina y el Caribe en el contexto de la pandemia: dos décadas de avances y desafíos, Documentos de Proyectos (LC/TS.2022/50), Santiago, Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL).

Waldendorf, A. (2021). Bridging the Gap: Making Sense of the Disaccord between Migrants’ Education and Occupation. Social Inclusion, 9(1), 130–39. doi: https://doi.org/10.17645/si.v9i1.3582

Wang, X. (2020). Capital, Habitus, and Education in Contemporary China: Understanding Motivations of Middle-Class Families in Pursuing Studying Abroad in the United States. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 52(12), 1314–28. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/0013

Ware, A. (2015). The Great British Education ‘Fraud’ of the Twentieth and Twenty‐first Centuries. The Political Quarterly, 86(4), 475–84. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-923x.12180

Whelan, C. y Layte, R. (2006). Economic Boom and Social Mobility: The Irish Experience. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 24(2), 193–208. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2005.05.001

Wiborg, Ø. y Hansen, M. (2018). The Scandinavian Model during Increasing Inequality: Recent Trends in Educational Attainment, Earnings and Wealth among Norwegian Siblings. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, (56), 53–63. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2018.06.006

Williams, R., Wright, W. y Hunt, K. (1998). Social Class and Health: The Puzzling Counter-Example of British South Asians. Social Science & Medicine, 47(9), 1277–88. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(98)00202-0

Winfield, I., Campbell, R., Kerckhoff, A., Everett, D., y Trott, J. (1989). Career Processes in Great Britain and the United States. Social Forces; a Scientific Medium of Social Study and Interpretation, 68(1), 284–308.

Winogrodzka, D. y Grabowska, I. (2022). (Dis)Ordered Social Sequences of Mobile Young Adults: Spatial, Social and Return Mobilities. Journal of Youth Studies, 25(2), 242–58. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2020.1865526

Wolf, A. (2020). ‘One Size Fits All’ – A Default Policy That Is Serving No One Well. European Review (Chichester, England), 28(S1), 528–43. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/s1062798720000885

Wolniak, G., Seifert, T., Reed, E. y Pascarella, E. (2008). College Majors and Social Mobility. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 26(2), 123–39. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2008.02.002

Zhao, M. (2023). Moving to ‘Bei–Shang–Guang’? Internal Migration, Local Hukou Barriers and Labour Market Outcomes among College Graduates in China. Population, Space and Place, 29(5). doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2651

Zuccotti, C., B., G. H. y Guveli, A. (2017). Has Migration Been Beneficial for Migrants and Their Children?: Comparing Social Mobility of Turks in Western Europe, Turks in Turkey, and Western European Natives. The International Migration Review, 51(1), 97–126. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/imre.12219